Big scientific encyclopedia of Genetics: genes, genetic variation and heredity in organisms.

Gregor Mendel was the first to study genetics scientifically. Mendel's laws are the principles of transmission of hereditary traits from parents to their descendants. These principles served as the basis for classical genetics and were explained as a consequence of the molecular mechanisms of heredity.

Modern genetics has given rise to a number of subfields: molecular, biochemical, population genetics, epigenetics, genetic engineering etc.

Molecular genetics revealed the chemical nature of the substance of heredity, showed the physicochemical prerequisites for storing information in the cell and copying it for transmission over a number of generations.

Biochemical genetics studies the mechanisms of genetic control of biochemical processes in living cells. Thanks to the development of biochemical and molecular genetics, it was possible to identify the cause of various diseases that are not inherited, but associated with dysfunction of genes.

The genome contains the biological information needed to build and maintain an organism. The genome is the aggregate of hereditary material enclosed in a living cell.

Breeding is the science of methods for creating new and improving existing animal breeds, plant varieties and strains of microorganisms. Breeding develops methods of influencing plants and animals in order to change their hereditary qualities in the direction necessary for humans.

Genetic engineering serves to obtain the desired qualities of a mutable or genetically modified organism. Genetic engineering allows to directly intervene in the genetic apparatus using the technique of molecular cloning.

DNA replication is the process of creating two identical replicas of DNA molecules based on the parent DNA molecule. Replication process is the most essential part for biological inheritance.

DNA repair is a special function of cells, which consists in the ability to correct chemical damage and breaks in DNA molecules damaged during normal DNA biosynthesis or as a result of exposure to physical or chemical reagents. A number of hereditary diseases are associated with disorders of the repair systems.

Meiosis is the division of the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell with a halving of the number of chromosomes. Meiosis occurs in the germ cells in two stages - reduction and equational and is associated with the formation of gametes.

Mitosis is an indirect cell division, the method of reproduction of eukaryotic cells, distributing chromosomes between daughter nuclei, ensuring the formation of genetically identical daughter cells.

Mutation is a permanent change in the genome. The process of occurrence of mutations is called mutagenesis. The main processes leading to the emergence of mutations are DNA replication, impaired DNA repair, transcription and genetic recombination.

Alleles is a different forms of the same gene, located in the same areas of homologous chromosomes, determine the direction of development of a particular trait.

Genotype is a set of genes of a given organism. The genotype, in contrast to the concept of the gene pool, characterizes an individual, not a species. Genotype is also understood as a combination of alleles of a gene in a particular organism.

Cloning - the emergence of a natural way or the production of several genetically identical organisms by asexual reproduction.

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