Big scientific encyclopedia "Anatomy": anatomy of humans, animals, plants, insects, morphology of fungi.

Human anatomy is a section of anatomy that studies the morphology of the human body, its systems and organs. The subject of study of human anatomy is the form and structure, origin and development of the human body. Human anatomy is one of the fundamental disciplines in the system of medical and biological education, closely related to disciplines such as anthropology and human physiology, as well as comparative anatomy, evolutionary studies and genetics. Advances in medicine have contributed to the selection of a separate discipline that studies morphological changes in human systems and organs in diseases - pathological anatomy.

Neuroanatomy is a field of biological sciences that studies the anatomical structure (structural neuroanatomy) and functional organization (functional neuroanatomy) of the nervous systems of various animals. Unlike animals with radial symmetry (for example, jellyfish), in which the nervous system is a diffuse nervous network, animals with bilateral symmetry have separate, clearly anatomically and histologically demarcated from other tissues, nervous systems.

The heart is a hollow fibromuscular organ that provides blood flow through the blood vessels through repeated rhythmic contractions. It is present in all living organisms with a developed circulatory system, including all vertebrates, including humans. The heart of vertebrates consists mainly of cardiac, endothelial and connective tissue. In this case, the heart muscle is a special type of striated muscle tissue found exclusively in the heart.

The musculoskeletal system is a functional set of bones of the skeleton, their joints (joints and synarthrosis) and somatic muscles with assistive devices that maintain posture through nervous regulation of locomotion , facial expressions and other motor actions, along with other organ systems, forms the human body.

The muscular system (musculature) is a system of organs of higher animals and humans, formed by skeletal muscles, which, by contracting, set in motion the bones of the skeleton, thanks to which the body carries out movement in all its manifestations. The muscular system is absent in unicellular organisms and sponges, however, these animals are not devoid of the ability to move.

Joints are movable joints of the bones of the skeleton, separated by a gap, covered with a synovial membrane and an articular bag. An intermittent, cavity connection that allows the articulating bones to move relative to each other with the help of muscles. The joints are located in the skeleton where distinct movements occur: flexion (lat.flexio) and extension (lat.extensio), abduction (lat.abductio) and adduction (lat.adductio), pronation (lat. pronatio) and supination (lat. . supinatio), rotation (lat.circumductio). As an integral organ, the joint plays an important role in the implementation of support and motor functions.

The lymphatic system is part of the vascular system in vertebrates that complements the cardiovascular system. It plays an important role in the metabolism and cleansing of the cells and tissues of the body. Unlike the circulatory system, the mammalian lymphatic system is open and lacks a central pump. The lymph circulating in it moves slowly and under little pressure.

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