This application contains following chapters with topics on blood physiology.

Body Fluids

significance of body fluids, compartments of body fluids –distribution of body fluids, composition of body fluids, measurement of body fluid volume, concentration of body fluids, maintenance of water balance, applied physiology.

Blood

properties of blood, composition of blood, functions of blood.

Plasma Proteins

normal values, separation of plasma proteins, properties of plasma proteins, origin of plasma proteins, functions of plasma proteins, plasma pheresis, variations in plasma protein level.

Red Blood Cells

normal value, morphology of red blood cells, properties of red blood cells, lifespan of red blood cells, fate of red blood cells, functions of red blood cells, variations in number of red blood cells, variations in size of red blood cells, variations in shape of red blood cells, variations in structure of red blood cells.

Erythropoiesis

site of erythropoiesis, process of erythropoiesis, factors necessary for erythropoiesis.

Hemoglobin and Iron Metabolism

normal hemoglobin content, functions of hemoglobin, structure of hemoglobin, types of normal hemoglobin, abnormal hemoglobin, abnormal hemoglobin derivatives, synthesis of hemoglobin, destruction of hemoglobin, iron metabolism.

Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate

determination of ESR, normal values of ESR, significance of determining ESR, variations of ESR, factors affecting ESR.

Packed Cell Volume and Blood Indices

method of determination, significance of determining PCV, normal values of PCV, variations in PCV, blood indices, importance of blood indices, different blood indices, calculation of blood indices.

Anemia

classification of anemia, signs and symptoms of anemia.

Hemolysis and Fragility of Red Blood Cells

Definition, process of hemolysis, fragility test, conditions when hemolysis occurs, hemolysins.

White Blood Cells

classification, morphology of white blood cells, normal white blood cell count, variations in white blood cell count, lifespan of white blood cells, properties of white blood cells, leukopoiesis.

Immunity

Definition and types of immunity, development and processing of lymphocytes, development of humoral immunity, natural killer cell, cytokines, immunization, immune deficiency diseases, allergy and immunological hypersensitivity reactions, autoimmune diseases.

Platelets

structure and composition, normal count and variations, properties of platelets, functions of platelets, activators and inhibitors of platelets, development of platelets, lifespan and fate of platelets, applied physiology – platelet disorders.

Hemostasis

stages of hemostasis

Coagulation of Blood

factors involved in blood clotting, sequence of clotting mechanism, blood clot, anticlotting mechanism in the body, anticoagulants, physical methods to prevent, procoagulants, tests for blood clotting, applied physiology.

Blood Groups

abo blood groups, rh factor, other blood groups, importance of knowing blood group.

Blood Transfusion

precautions, hazards of blood transfusion, blood substitutes, exchange transfusion, autologous blood transfusion.

Blood Volume

Normal blood volume, variations in blood volume, measurement of blood volume, regulation of blood volume, applied physiology.

Reticuloendothelial System and Tissue Macrophage

classification of reticuloendothelial cells, functions of reticuloendothelial system.

Spleen

Structure of spleen, functions of spleen, applied physiology.

Lymphatic System and Lymph

Lymphatic system, lymph nodes, lymph.

Tissue Fluid and Edema

functions of tissue fluid, formation of tissue fluid, applied physiology – edema.

Blood Physiology

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